COMMENTS:Mahmoud Hamdy

Jackobson has a distinctive point of views(points of view is the plural form) that recently proved its validity (who proved their validity - you can't say X proves X's validity). He presents some laws, concerning the relation between sounds. The first law of solidarity states that the phonological system of the child contains primary values and secondary ones. The secondary value can not exist in the linguistic system without the primary value. And(delete) the primary value can not be eliminated without having a primary value. For instance, the acquisition of fricatives presupposes the acquisition of stops in child language. So the child tends to change fricative /f/ to the corresponding stop /p/. additionally, in Korean language(delete) there is no /f/ or /v/ sounds. The native speaker substitutes the fricatives /f/ or /v/ with the stop /p/.( Mahmoud 's experience, what do you mean). Also, the foreigner who learns korean language finds difficulty in differentiating between /m/ and /b/. He hears the phrase ( tell mo essip nie da " I have a question" ) as ( tell mon essim nie da). This is what is called the law of solidarity, in which the hearer is confused between two sounds ,he hears, because of the solidarity between sounds or phonological solidarity(rephrase: because of the phonological solidarity between sounds). And this takes us to the theory of the child's role in the change of language over time. Regarding this,(delete) other laws argue(state) that the acquisition of back consonants presupposes the acquisition of front ones. Accordingly, in the development of child language the back consonant /k/ emerges with the front consonant /t/ but later /k/ emerges as a separate phoneme. So there is a disturbance in the child language because of his (in)disability to differentiate between his back and front consonants, resulting in aphasia. Another example can be noted in the child's fluctuations between the liquids /r/ and /l/, /ƒ/ sounds and /s/ sound, and between fricative and stop sounds. For instance, there are some children who replace /s/ sound with / ƒ/. An Egyptian child frequently substitutes / s/ with / ƒ/. This also might contribute to the emergence of this sound / ƒ/ in different languages like German. Hence, the solidarity between the emergences of sounds occasionally results in aphasia. This aphasia can survive with the child or can be gradually fixed. Jackobson argues that the phonological laws of child language are not to be mechanically separated from the corresponding evidence of the languages of the world. He also believes that the appearance of single sounds must not be treated in isolated fashion without regard(rephrase) for their place in the sound system. Consequently, he has(delete) traced how the phonological system of a child is divided into consonants and vowels. According to scientists(give names), the babbling period involves neither consonants nor vowels. All the sounds of this period are the same. Notably, both classes of speech are fundamental. They are contrasted with each other as closure and opening. For example, the opening is achieved in the wide /a: / vowel, while the closure is achieved in stops and labials which obstruct the oral cavity. On the one hand, consonantal system consists of the sounds that obstruct the oral cavity during production or pronunciation. Unlike the vocalic system, which is characterized by the absence of the obstructed cavity. consonants are generally voiceless during the beginning stage of child language, whereas vowels are voiced . Jackobson says, "The syntagmatic relation arises in the child before the paradigmatic relation, and the contrast between consonant and vowel arises, of course, on the syntagmatic axis."